[8], Italy under Duce Benito Mussolini had pursued a strategic alliance of Italy with Germany against France since the early 1920s. "The Axis" and "Rome-Berlin Axis" redirect here. On 31 May 1939, Denmark and Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression, which did not contain any military obligations for either party. [35] Thus the Allied powers outnumbered the Axis powers by 2.7 to 1. The Last European War: September 1939 December 1941. p. 116. Slovakia declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941 and signed the revived Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941. This pact provided that a military attack on any member of the new Axis triumvirate by any nation not then engaged in either the European or the Sino-Japanese war would invoke the political, economic, and military assistance of the other two. Overall, approximately 250,000 Jews under Romanian jurisdiction died.[110]. In response to the landings, German and Italian forces invaded the non-occupied zone in southern France and ended Vichy France as an entity with any kind of autonomy; it then became a puppet government for the occupied territories. edition. Racial laws were introduced in all occupied territories with immediate effects on Jews and Roma people, as well as causing the imprisonment of those opposed to Nazism. The Nanjing Government signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 9 January 1943. 370371. Italy effectively abandoned diplomatic relations with Germany while turning to France in order to challenge Germany's intransigence by signing a FrancoItalian accord to protect Austrian independence. Yugoslavia was largely surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the German Reich. The groups visited manufacturing plants, airfields, naval vessels, and fortresses in Germany, Italy, and France (at that time occupied by Germany). This French rule ended on 9 March 1945, when the Japanese officially took control of the government. Rome-Berlin Axis, Coalition formed in 1936 between Italy and Germany. This continued to be recognised as the lawful government of France by the neutral United States until 1942, while the United Kingdom had recognised de Gaulle's government-in-exile in London. The Pact provided for mutual assistance should any of . Top-secret project authorized by Franklin Roosevelt in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb ahead of the Germans. Cooperation between Japan and Germany began with the Anti-Comintern Pact, in which the two countries agreed to ally to challenge any attack by the Soviet Union. [60] Relations between Italy and France deteriorated with France's refusal to accept Italy's demands. Racial laws were introduced in France and its colonies and many foreign Jews in France were deported to Germany. [55] On June 28, 1940, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed Bessarabia, as well as part of northern Romania and the Hertsa region. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 19181940. While part of Yugoslavia, many Croatian nationalists violently opposed the Serb-dominated Yugoslav monarchy, and assassinated Alexander I of Yugoslavia, together with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. The Imperial Japanese Army was in favour of war with the United States, but the Imperial Japanese Navy was generally strongly opposed. In November 1942 Vichy French troops briefly resisted the landing of Allied troops in French North Africa for two days, until Admiral Franois Darlan negotiated a local ceasefire with the Allies. [15] Shortly after being appointed Chancellor of Germany, Hitler sent a personal message to Mussolini, declaring "admiration and homage" and declaring his anticipation of the prospects of GermanItalian friendship and even alliance. Hitler demanded that Mussolini compromise on Austria by pressuring Dollfuss to appoint Austrian Nazis to his cabinet, to which Mussolini flatly refused the demand. In a communiqu with Germany on 26 May 1942, Franco declared that Portugal should be annexed into Spain.[140]. After the invasion of Poland, Slovakia reclaimed control of those territories. [163][166] Reasons included the Nazi ideologies of Lebensraum and Heim ins Reich[167]. 1 (Oct., 1949), pp. [23][22] Mussolini rapidly deployed several army divisions and air squadrons to the Brenner Pass, and warned that a German move against Austria would result in war between Germany and Italy. [43] Thus expansion was justified as an inevitable necessity to provide lebensraum ("living space") for the German nation and end the country's overpopulation within existing confined territory, and provide resources necessary to its people's well-being. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion. Tom Gallagher, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2005, "Den Dansk-Tyske Ikke-Angrebstraktat af 1939", "Den Danske Brigade DANFORCE Den Danske Brigade "DANFORCE" Sverige 194345", "Martyrs and Scapegoats of the Nation? The German army entered Paris on 14 June 1940, following the battle of France. [130][131] The conflict threatened Germany's iron-ore supplies and offered the prospect of Allied interference in the region. [69] Furthermore, by 1941, German forces in North Africa under Erwin Rommel effectively took charge of the military effort ousting Allied forces from the Italian colony of Libya, and German forces were stationed in Sicily in that year. Denmark sold agricultural and industrial products to Germany and made loans for armaments and fortifications. The meeting did not proceed amicably. In some cases these bilateral agreements were formalised, in other cases it was less formal. Manchukuo, in the northeast region of China, had been a Japanese puppet state in Manchuria since the 1930s. A change occurred in 1935, caused by Italy engaging in a war to conquer Ethiopia. I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq. [152] On 21 December 1941, a military alliance with Japan was signed and on 25 January 1942, Sang Phathanothai read over the radio Thailand's formal declaration of war on the United Kingdom and the United States. The party promised to rebuild Germany as a major power and create a Greater Germany that would include Alsace-Lorraine, Austria, Sudetenland, and other German-populated territories in Europe. The United States stood at $1,094billion, more than the Axis combined. By 1943, the tide began to turn. Slovakia had been closely aligned with Germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from Czechoslovakia on 14 March 1939. His National Socialist Movement formed a cabinet assisting the German administration, but was never recognized as a real Dutch government. To isolate the US forces stationed in the Philippines and to reduce US naval power, the Imperial General Headquarters ordered an attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941. MacGregor Knox. Unlike other Axis powers, Yugoslavia was not obliged to provide military assistance, nor to provide its territory for Axis to move military forces during the war. [173] In January 1941 Rashid Ali was forced to resign as a result of British pressure.[171]. In November 1936, the term "axis" was first officially used by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini when he spoke of a Rome-German axis arising out of the treaty of friendship signed between Italy and Germany on 25 October 1936. shortly after the signing of the Rome Berlin Axis. The Bulgarian forces in these areas spent the following years fighting various nationalist groups and resistance movements. Hitler would also begin to free Germanyfrom the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles and Anglo-French encirclement. The August 1939 MolotovRibbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol dividing much of eastern Europe and assigning Finland to the Soviet sphere of influence. Interest in Germany and Japan in forming an alliance began when Japanese diplomat Oshima Hiroshi visited Joachim von Ribbentrop in Berlin in 1935. Prior to the German occupation within the area of Hungary around 63,000 Jews perished. [55][129] After unsuccessfully attempting to force territorial and other concessions on the Finns, the Soviet Union tried to invade Finland in November 1939 during the Winter War, intending to establish a communist puppet government in Finland. [65] On November 25, 1936, Germanys foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Japans ambassador in Berlin, Count Mushakoji, signed an agreement, the so-called Anti-Comintern Pact: since the Comintern, or Third International, based in Moscow, existed in order to disintegrate and subdue existing states, Germany and Japan undertook to consult with one another on the necessary preventive measures and to carry these through in close collaboration.. In November 1943 Thailand signed the Greater East Asia Joint Declaration, formally aligning itself with the Axis Powers. Hostile acts of expansionism by the three countries during the 1930s sowed the seeds of world war. Which of these factors prevailed in the cooperation between Benito Mussolini's new Roman Empire and Adolf Hitler's Reich? While Germany had been engaged in a titanic struggle against England for a year, Japan, up to the conclusion of the alliance, had contributed nothing. Over 500,000 soldiers served on the Eastern Front. As the Japanese home islands lacked natural resources needed for growth, Japan planned to establish hegemony in Asia and become self-sufficient by acquiring territories with abundant natural resources. Several Balli Kombtar leaders held positions in the regime. This page was last edited on 26 January 2023, at 06:32. On September 27, 1940, the Axis powers are formed as Germany, Italy and Japan become allies with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in Berlin. The Anti-Comintern Pact was directed toward the activities of the Communist International. Mussolini had been removed from office and arrested by King Victor Emmanuel III on 25 July 1943. Drljevic was expelled from Montenegro in October 1941. The Axis was solidified by an Italo-German alliance in May, 1939. In June 1943, a group of white sailors and soldiers in Los Angeles, seeking revenge for an earlier skirmish with Mexican American youths, attacked anyone they found wearing a zoot suit in what became known as the zoot suit riots. Ustashe forces fought against communist Yugoslav Partisan guerrilla throughout the war. The Ba Maw has been described as a state having "independence without sovereignty" and as being effectively a Japanese puppet state. The study of the establishment of the Rome-Berlin Axis explores the interesting relationship between the importance of ideology and pragmatism in forming international alliances. [104] Hundreds of originally-designed Romanian Air Force aircraft were also produced, such as the fighter IAR-80 and the light bomber IAR-37. A small but vocal group of Americans who pushed for greater U.S. involvement in Europe. After the Siege of Odessa, the city became the capital of the Governorate. German political party led by Adolf Hitler, who became chancellor of Germany in 1933. By March 1940, Mussolini decided that Italy would intervene, but the date was not yet chosen. pp. The worsening situation for Japan from 1943 onwards meant that the Nanking Army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied China than the Japanese had initially envisaged. [91][92] The Ustae regime was backed by parts of the Croat population that during the interwar period had felt oppressed in the Serb-led Yugoslavia. So I will fight the best I can. Stating that the plans and practices of the Japanese authorities implied an assumption of sovereignty actually not theirs, the United States refused to admit "that there is need or warrant for any one power to take upon itself to prescribe what shall be the terms and conditions of a 'new order' in areas not under its sovereignty and to constitute itself the repository of authority and the agent of destiny in regard thereto." H. James Burgwyn. 139140. According to the stipulation of the Tripartite Pact, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked. Shortly after Germany annexed the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, the Slovak Republic declared its independence from the rump Second Czechoslovak Republic. The vast majority of the Hungarians desired to recover former territories of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen lost through the Treaty of Trianon. A press release by President Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 calling for economic cooperation, national self-determination, and guarantees of political stability after the war. [8], The term was used by Hungary's prime minister Gyula Gmbs when advocating an alliance of Hungary with Germany and Italy in the early 1930s. rome berlin axis apush significance. Other countries who recognized the State were the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Vatican City. The General Government in occupied Poland was a fully German administration. [67], By early 1940, Italy was still a non-belligerent, and Mussolini communicated to Hitler that Italy was not prepared to intervene soon. Axis leaders Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, Track the League of Nations' continual failure to check via diplomacy the Axis powers' pre-World War II rise. Japanese forces invaded Thailand an hour and a half before the attack on Pearl Harbor (because of the International Dateline, the local time was on the morning of 8 December 1941). Horthy was forced to abdicate after German commandos, led by Colonel Otto Skorzeny, held his son hostage as part of Operation Panzerfaust. Routledge, 1996. p. 97. Both the LVF and the Division Charlemagne fought on the eastern front. horace broadnax iii basketball navy; Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 irrevocably changed the European geopolitical framework. The Kingdom of Bulgaria was ruled by sar Boris III when it signed the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. A committee organized by isolationists in 1940 to oppose the entrance of the United States into World War II. During the war Germany denounced the Atlantic Charter and the Lend-Lease Act that the US adopted to support the Allied powers prior to entry into the alliance, as imperialism directed at dominating and exploiting countries outside of the continental Americas. They fought against the Allied Powers, led by the United States Britain and the Soviet Union. In 1966, Collins (London) published a 446-page revised[why?] With the advance of British and Indian forces on Baghdad, Iraqi military resistance ended by 31 May 1941. On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the US naval bases in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. On September 13, 1936, as he began to set his sights on the Soviet Union, German dictator Adolf Hitler boasted of the blind obedience that he would be able to command from the German people in a struggle against bolshevism. Sweden allowed formation of a Danish military brigade in exile; it did not see combat. [10], Since the 1920s Italy had identified the year 1935 as a crucial date for preparing for a war against France, as 1935 was the year when Germany's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles were scheduled to expire. Mussolini and Fascism were born in a different historical context. Germany and Italy. [9] Contentious negotiations between the Italian foreign minister, Galeazzo Ciano, and the German ambassador, Ulrich von Hassell, resulted in a Nine-Point Protocol, signed by Ciano and his German counterpart, Konstantin von Neurath, in 1936. THE ROME-BERLIN AXIS, 1936-1940 521 for a neutral to a co-belligerent Italy. While Hitler and the Nazi party before taking power openly talked about destroying Poland and were hostile to Poles, after gaining power until February 1939 Hitler tried to conceal his true intentions towards Poland, and signed a 10-year Non-Aggression Pact in 1934, revealing his plans to only to his closest associates. Before the war Mussolini started a campaign of Italianization through all the regions close the boundaries eventually changing his political view after Hitler came to power. [57] Italy condemned the Western powers for enacting sanctions on Italy in 1935 for its actions in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War that Italy claimed was a response to an act of Ethiopian aggression against tribesmen in Italian Eritrea in the Walwal incident of 1934. Historian Ian Kershaw suggests that this declaration of war against the United States was a serious blunder made by Germany and Italy, as it allowed the United States to join the war in Europe and North Africa without any limitation. Ustae militia were garrisoned in the Balkans, battling the communist partisans. Denmark was occupied by Germany after April 1940 and never joined the Axis. Italy's signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact on 6 November 1937 cemented the unity of Fascist and Nazi ideologies. On 2 September 1944, as the Red Army approached the Bulgarian border, a new Bulgarian government came to power and sought peace with the Allies, expelled the few remaining German troops, and declared neutrality. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Nazi regime's stance towards an independent, territorially-reduced Russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the German Army on Hitler to endorse a "Russian Liberation Army" led by Andrey Vlasov. The term Axis Powers came to include Japan as well. The United Kingdom (excluding its colonies) had a population of 47.5million and France (excluding its colonies) 42million. Italy was ill-prepared for war, in spite of the fact that it had continuously been involved in conflict since 1935, first with Ethiopia in 19351936 and then in the Spanish Civil War on the side of Francisco Franco's Nationalists. The Manchukuoan state ceased to exist after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945. p. 237. [178] Albania was completely liberated on November 29, 1944. After the Italian armistice, the Italian occupation zone was taken over by the German armed forces, who remained in charge of the country until their withdrawal in autumn 1944. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945). September 18, 1931 Japan invades Manchuria. It was published by Oxford University Press as a 376-page hardcover in 1949. After the Italian armistice, in a raid led by German paratrooper Otto Skorzeny, Mussolini was rescued from arrest. Albanians in the Italian army joined the guerrilla forces. 103 terms. Hitler's directive to the troops on 10 October had stated that "it is necessary to avoid even the slightest semblance of military occupation of Romania". Lewis Copeland, Lawrence W. Lamm, Stephen J. McKenna. The Bulgarian Navy was nonetheless involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczestwa w Polsce Intelligenzaktion Instytut Pamici Narodowej, IPN 2009. Cambridge University Press, 2000. p. 125. [9] Gmbs' efforts did affect the Italo-Hungarian Rome Protocols, but his sudden death in 1936 while negotiating with Germany in Munich and the arrival of Klmn Darnyi, his successor, ended Hungary's involvement in pursuing a trilateral axis. They also invaded Malaya and Hong Kong. Omissions? [39] In 1939, Japan committed 22 percent of its GNP to its war effort in China; this rose to three-quarters of GNP in 1944. An authoritarian system of government characterized by a dictatorial rule, extreme nationalism, disdain for civil society, and a conviction that imperialism and warfare are the principal means by which nations attain greatness. Several Japanese puppet states were organized in areas occupied by the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces, including the Provisional Government of the Republic of China at Beijing, which was formed in 1937, and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China at Nanjing, which was formed in 1938. On 10 May 1942, the Thai Phayap Army entered Burma's eastern Shan State, which had been claimed by Siamese kingdoms. The Shaping of the Nazi State. Paveli led a delegation to Rome and offered the crown of the NDH to an Italian prince of the House of Savoy, who was crowned Tomislav II. Thailand also returned the portions of British Burma and French Indochina that had been annexed. [20] Gring claimed that Nazi domination of Austria was inevitable and that Italy should accept this, as well as repeating to Mussolini of Hitler's promise to "regard the question of the South Tyrol frontier as finally liquidated by the peace treaties". [21] Galeazzo Ciano told the press that the two leaders had made a "gentleman's agreement" to avoid interfering in Austria. Write a definition for each italicized word using context clues, word roots, or a combination of the two. And as for the word "Axis" itself, originally it meant the Rome-Berlin Axis of 1936; however, since the Tripartite (or Berlin) Pact of 1940, it customarily has been used in reference to the military coalition formed by Germany, Italy and Japan. Zeszyty Muzeum, 3. This, combined with Western Allied landings in France and Italy, led to a three-front war that depleted Germany's armed forces and resulted in Germany's defeat in 1945. The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east on 17 September and on 28 September signed a secret treaty with Nazi Germany to coordinate fighting against the Polish resistance. During the Anglo-Iraqi War of May 1941, Vichy France allowed Germany and Italy to use air bases in the French mandate of Syria to support the Iraqi revolt. Oversized suits of clothing in fashion in the 1940s, particularly among young male African Americans and Mexican Americans. [109], Under Antonescu Romania was a fascist dictatorship and a totalitarian state. Omissions? #ga-ad {display: none;} Match. The Soviets targeted intelligence, entrepreneurs and officers with mass arrests, with many victims sent to the Gulag in Siberia, committing a string of atrocities that culminated in the Katyn massacre. [136] Falangists also supported Spanish colonial acquisition of the Tangier International Zone, French Morocco and northwestern French Algeria. After Hitler's rise to power, the Four Power Directorate proposal by Italy had been looked at with interest by Britain, but Hitler was not committed to it, resulting in Mussolini urging Hitler to consider the diplomatic advantages Germany would gain by breaking out of isolation by entering the Directorate and avoiding an immediate armed conflict. asteinberger. The remaining troops of the INA maintained order in Rangoon after the withdrawal of Ba Maw's government. Created by. The situation was well summarized in a dispatch from Ambassador Joseph C. Grew to Washington dated November 13, 1937, approximately two weeks after Japan had declined to attend a Brussels Conference on the Sino-Japanese dispute. [37] The GDP of the Allied powers was $1,798billion. In 1940 Japan responded to the German invasion of France by occupying northern French Indochina. [139] Spain invaded and occupied the Tangier International Zone, maintaining its occupation until 1945. The border with Poland was shifted back to the pre-war state. The connections among the Axis powers were strengthened by a full military and political alliance between Germany and Italy (the Pact of Steel, May 22, 1939) and by the Tripartite Pact, signed by all three powers on September 27, 1940, one year after Germanys invasion of Poland and the beginning of World War II. When the King of Italy ousted Mussolini from power and Italy capitulated, the NDH became completely under German influence. [11] Meetings took place in Berlin in 1924 between Italian General Luigi Capello and prominent figures in the German military, such as von Seeckt and Erich Ludendorff, over military collaboration between Germany and Italy. H. James Burgwyn. There were, however, certain Japanese circles which viewed a conflict with America with great misgivings, since they assumed that this would involve a five or ten year war with the United States. Therefore, although the British reciprocated by declaring war on Thailand and considered it a hostile country, the United States did not. Reichskommissariats were established in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Norway, designated as places the "Germanic" populations of which were to be incorporated into the planned Greater Germanic Reich. Hostilities between the Iraqi and British forces began on 2 May 1941, with heavy fighting at the RAF air base in Habbaniyah. Japan's chief fear was that if Russia were relieved of anxiety in Europe, she would strengthen her East Asia front and would thus be a new and greater threat to Japan in the Orient. the airbourne mission fought off the Germans, held in Berlin in 1945 with Truman, Stalin, and Clement Atlee who issued an ultimatium to Japan to surrender or be destoyed; where Truman learned about the atomic bomb, the nearly $2 billion project that developed and perfected the atomic bomb, M3 Cervical Cancer Screening Practice Quiz, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen. In 1923 the French occupied the Ruhr region when Germany defaulted on its reparations payments. According to Article 3 of the Treaty the three parties agreed "to cooperate in their efforts on the aforesaid lines," and they further undertook "to assist one another with all political, economic, and military means when one of the three Contracting Parties is attacked by a power at present not involved in the European war or in the Sino-Japanese Conflict." Germany's campaign during World War II to exterminate all Jews living in German-controlled lands, along with other groups the Nazis deemed "undesirables." cooper neurology cherry hill phone number; on the beach advert 2021. why did john hopkins leave midsomer; japanese motorcycle importers australia; december 1999 calendar [41] Hitler had designs for Germany to become the dominant and leading state in the world, such as his intention for Germany's capital of Berlin to become the Welthauptstadt ("World Capital"), renamed Germania. Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop repeatedly pointed out to General Oshima, Japan's Ambassador in Berlin, the alleged advantages of such action, declaring that Great Britain would soon collapse before German might in Europe, and that the way was open for Japan to advance into Singapore. The new Yugoslav government under General Duan Simovi, refused to ratify Yugoslavia's signing of the Tripartite Pact, and started negotiations with Great Britain and Soviet Union. 284285. Arrows show planned movements to an agreed demarcation line at 70 E, which was, however, never approximated. Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). Ptain was permitted to keep an "armistice army" of 100,000 men within the unoccupied southern zone. The National Legionary State was proclaimed on 14 September, with the Iron Guard ruling together with Antonescu as the sole legal political movement in Romania. The Free Thai Movement ("Seri Thai") was established during these first few months. Great Britain and France, still suffering from the prolonged economic crisis of the early 1930's and weakened by domestic conflicts, remained passive in the face of this threat, seeking to avert armed conflict by a policy of appeasement. Nevertheless, the country had not totally abandoned pro-British sympathies. The party's ascent was fueled by huge World War I reparation payments, economic depression, fear of communism, labor unrest, and rising unemployment. During the 1930s, because of traditional right-wing elements, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany. [83] Commander of the Combined Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was outspoken in his opposition, especially after the signing of the Tripartite Pact, saying on 14 October 1940: "To fight the United States is like fighting the whole world. [62], Italy justified its intervention against Yugoslavia in April 1941 by appealing to both Italian irredentist claims and the fact of Albanian, Croatian, and Macedonian separatists not wishing to be part of Yugoslavia. Although the Anti-Comintern Pact continued to be directed nominally against the Soviet Union and the Soviet form of government, the purpose of the alliance was much broader. [71][72], On 25 July 1943, following the Allied invasion of Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini, placed him under arrest, and began secret negotiations with the Western Allies. London, England: Europa Publications, 2003. pp. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 19181940. Members of the ruling Falange party in Spain held irredentist designs on Gibraltar. Some of the vocabulary words from lessons have related meanings. [10] He believed that Italy could expand its influence in Europe by allying with Germany against France. Slovak troops joined the German invasion of Poland, having interest in Spi and Orava. Rape of Nanking. [105] The country had built armored fighting vehicles as well, most notably the Mareal tank destroyer, that likely influenced the design of the German Hetzer. Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact on November 25, 1936. The United States went to war against fascism when it faced Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and Italy under Benito Mussolini during World War II. . Itthereby released German troops for use in other theaters of operation. Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 81. In occupied Norway, the National Government headed by Vidkun Quisling whose name came to symbolize pro-Axis collaboration in several languages was subordinate to the Reichskommissariat Norwegen. H. James Burgwyn. A number of pro-German Hungarians retreated to Italy and Germany, where they fought until the end of the war. In the occupied Netherlands, Anton Mussert was given the symbolic title of "Fhrer of the Netherlands' people". [119] The Danish resistance movement was active in sabotage and issuing underground newspapers and blacklists of collaborators. From late 1940 Hitler sought a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia.
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