Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. /Type /Page This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. Your email address will not be published. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. /Width 371 The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . What is federalism? The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. %PDF-1.5 Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. /BitsPerComponent 8 Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. It also decided that the Public . Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. Moreover, If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. 2023, Bscholarly LLC. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. Required fields are marked *. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. June 1,2022 At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. /F5 18 0 R |4-Iv There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. % It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. /Font << Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. He rejects the assertion that /Resources << Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. ff>qsfN? /Height 235 The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. 3. Resource control: 3.7 7. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. >> /Filter /FlateDecode Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice 4 0 obj 4 Topics . Federalism in Nigeria. You are welcome dear reader. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. /F2 9 0 R This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . It is our pleasure. There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. . You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. Pls visit us again dear reader. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. Population of the country Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. 1. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. (eds. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. << Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. 2. Each state has the same level of self-governance. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. Asst. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Your email address will not be published. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the.
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